The Yellow River Basin (LiaochengJi'nan section) is a composite region serving as an ecological barrier and a densely populated economic activity zone. The ecogeological vulnerability assessment has great significance to coordinate regional sustainable development. Aiming to address the limitations of traditional studies that focus on single ecogeological issues and overlook multifactorial coupling effects, by using SRP (Sensitivity—Resilience—Pressure) model as the theoretical framework, integrating the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and GIS spatial analysis techniques, an ecogeological vulnerability assessment system has been constructed. It comprises 13 indicators across three dimensions. Through quantifying the interactions of key factors, such as topography, engineering geology, ecogeology, and human activities, spatial differentiation patterns of vulnerability in the study area has been revealed. The vulnerability in the study area shows significant spatial differentiation, with low vulnerability and mild vulnerability areas dominating, accounting for a total of 63.55%. It is mainly distributed in the plains north of the Yellow River ( Leling city in Dezhou city, Pingyin county in Ji'nan city). The terrain in this area is flat, the strata are stable, and the vegetation coverage is good, therefore the ecological restoration ability is strong. The proportion of highly vulnerable areas and highly vulnerable areas is 19.34%, mainly distributed in densely populated fault zones (central Liaocheng city), bedrock mountainous areas (Laiwu city, Gangcheng district of Laiwu city), and major urban centers (Lixia district of Ji'nan city, Decheng district of Dezhou city), accounting for 4.03% and 15.31% respectively. Areas with dense fault zones (such as central Liaocheng city) and bedrock mountainous areas (such as Laiwu city ) exhibit high vulnerability due to fragmented geological structures and strong human activity interference. Due to high population density and economic pressure, ecological restoration capacity of big city centers (such as Ji'nan city) is weak and vulnerable.